06 Mar 2012
By
Patricia Tanya Franco-Velasco
A major change in our country’s educational landscape is about to
take place: the Department of Education (DepEd) is launching the
K-12 curriculum this coming June.
According to President Benigno S. Aquino, “We need to add two years
to our basic education. Those who can afford pay up to fourteen years of
schooling before university. Thus, their children are getting into the
best universities and the best jobs after graduation. I want at least 12
years for our public school children to give them an even chance at
succeeding.” In line with this, the 1987 Philippine Constitution states
that, “The State shall establish, maintain, and support a complete,
adequate, and integrated system of education relevant to the needs of
the people and the society.“ Such mandate gives justice to the basic
rights of every Filipino child: the right to quality education and the
right to a quality life.
What is K-12?
According to the K to 12 Deped
Primer (2011), “K-12 means “Kindergarten and the 12 years of elementary
and secondary education.” Kindergarten points to the 5-year old child
who undertakes the standardized curriculum for preschoolers. Elementary
education refers to 6 years of primary school (Grades 1-6) while
secondary education means four years of junior high school (Grades 7-10
or HS Year 1-4). In addition to this, two years are now allotted for
senior high school (Grades 11-12 or HS Year 5-6).
Prof. Lorina Calingasan of the College of Education
in UP Diliman explains that “K-12 means extending basic education by two
years, so instead of having a high school graduate at 16 (years old),
we will have high schoolers graduating at 18.”
The DepEd
discussion paper (2010) on the enhanced K-12 basic education program
explains that this new setup “seeks to provide a quality 12-year basic
education program that each Filipino is entitled to” (p.5). Furthermore,
the purpose is not simply to add 2 more years of education “but more
importantly to enhance the basic education curriculum” (p.5).
What is the rationale for this program?
There is
an urgent need to enhance the quality of basic education in our country
as seen in the education outcomes of Filipino students and the
comparative disadvantage of the Philippines with regard to other
countries. The following data would support this explanation:
At present, the Philippines is the only country in Asia and among the
three remaining countries in the world that uses a 10-year basic
education cycle. According to a presentation made by the South East
Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO-INNOTECH) on
Additional Years in Philippine Basic Education (2010), the comparative
data on duration of Basic and Pre-University Education in Asia shows
that the Philippines allots 10 years not just for the basic education
cycle but also for the pre-university education while all the other
countries have either 11 or 12 years in their basic education cycle.
Achievement scores highlight our students’ poor performance in
national examinations. The National Achievement Test (NAT) results for
grade 6 in SY 2009-2010 showed only a 69.21% passing rate while the NAT
results for high school is at a low 46.38%. Moreover, international
tests results in 2003 Trends in International Mathematics and Science
study (TIMSS) show that the Philippines ranked 34th out of 38 countries
in HS Math and 43rd out of 46 countries in HS II Science. Moreover, the
Philippines ranked the lowest in 2008 even with only the science high
schools joining the Advanced Mathematics category.
The present curriculum is described as congested. This means that
students do not get enough time to perform tasks because the curriculum
is designed to be taught in a span of 12 years and not 10 years. The
more obvious result of this is the fact that most high school students
graduate without the readiness to take upon higher education or
employment. These students are not equipped with the basic skills or
competencies needed at work. Furthermore, the short duration of our
basic education program puts Filipinos who are interested to either work
or study abroad at a disadvantage. This is because other countries see
our 10-year program as incomplete, which then, causes Filipino graduates
to not be considered as professionals abroad.
Given all these supporting facts, there is indeed a need to improve
the quality of basic education by enhancing it and by expanding the
basic education cycle.
What is the vision of this program?
Records will
show that as early as 1925, there were already efforts to improve the
basic education curriculum and recommendations have been put forward
since then. Thus, this idea of adding years to the present curriculum is
not new.
The K-12 Curriculum envisions “holistically developed learners with
21st century skills” (Deped Primer, 2011). At the core of this basic
education program is “the complete human development of every graduate”
(DepEd discussion paper, p.6). This further means that every student
would have an understanding of the world around him and a passion for
life-long learning while addressing every student’s basic learning
needs: “learning to learn, the acquisition of numeracy, literacy, and
scientific and technological knowledge as applied to daily life” (p.6).
In addition to this, every graduate is envisioned to have respect for
human rights and would aim to become “
Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makabansa, Maka-kalikasan” (p.6)
The K-12 vision aims to have relevance in the socio-economic realm,
as well. This means that the students would understand their role as
productive members of the country. Such vision can only be possible
through an enhanced curriculum.
What is the K-12 curriculum all about?
According
to the DepEd discussion paper (2010), the K-12 curriculum aims to enable
every child “to achieve mastery of core competencies and skills” (p.6)
and develop tracks based on the student’s interests and competencies.
The focus of K-12 is twofold: curriculum enhancement and transition
management.
Curriculum enhancement
– With the K-6-4-2 model, the 2 years for senior high school is aimed
at giving the students time to strengthen competencies and academic
skills. The curriculum will also provide specializations in the
following: science and technology, music and arts, agriculture and
fisheries, sports, business and entrepreneurship, etc, depending on the
occupation or career that they intend to pursue. These two years will
build on skills that are essential to their chosen field.
Transition management - The DepEd mentions
in their discussion paper (2010) that they are “preparing a carefully
sequenced implementation plan to ensure smooth transition with the least
disruption” in the current program.
According to Education Secretary
Br. Armin A. Luistro,
the new curriculum is focused more on the learners and not on the
teacher. Luistro said, “We are making it a real learning experience for
the students, meaning, it will be less on memorization and more
encouraging of critical thinking”. In addition to this, a mother
tongue-based multi-lingual education (MTB-MLE) will be used for
instruction in Kinder to Grade 3 classes after studies showed that
students learn more when their language at home is used in discussing
the lessons in school. Also, there will be less contact time as Grade 1
pupils will only attend school for half a day instead of 6 hours.
Luistro explains, “It is important that our learners develop that
natural love for learning and not feel that it is something imposed on
them…we will reduce it to four hours to make education less stressful
and more enjoyable.”
For the first year high school curriculum, Luistro mentions that the
lessons will be more interactive and meaningful to everyday life. This
means that Science will be reflected in terms of its practical use. He
further explains, “as students go up the ladder, we want them to learn
skills that are being demanded by employers while at the same time
giving them the chance to appreciate and enjoy the lessons”. For
instance, Luistro stresses that Science is to be integrated in all
learning areas since it is a complex subject. He further expounds, “the
focus of early education (Kinder to Grade 2) should be the fundamental
skills and literacy of the pupils to develop better comprehension for
more complicated subjects such as science”.
A study done by SEAMEO points out that the current curriculum allots
about 1,100 minutes per week in elementary education to Science, which
will change with the introduction of K-12. Luistro says, “this, coupled
with teaching more competencies, imply congestion in our current
elementary Science curriculum.” To address this, Science will now be
integrated into the teaching of the Language, Mathematics and Health
under MAPEH subjects beginning at Kindergarten.
Prof. Calingasan further explains that the K-12 curriculum for Social
Studies will instead center on historical thinking skills rather than
memory work (of dates, names, regions, capitals, etc) and accumulation
of facts. She mentions examples of thinking skills such as “weighing the
evidence of any information, using primary source evidence, analyzing
and interpreting information, manifesting ethical standards (e.g.,
respect for differences, recognition of sources of evidence/idea). The
K-12 Social Studies curriculum will also teach students about local
history.”
Who will be affected by this program?
Prof.
Calingasan explains that incoming Grade 1 and Grade 7 students by school
year 2012-2013 are the ones who will be directly affected by the K-12
program.
According to a
DepEd briefer
on K-12, the Department will begin implementing the curriculum in
school year 2012-2013. As mentioned in the article, “the enhanced
12-year curriculum will be implemented starting with incoming Grade 1
students. Incoming freshmen of SY 2012-2013 will be the first
beneficiaries of a free Senior High School education that will be made
available by DepEd in public schools beginning in SY 2016-2017.”
What are the benefits of this program?
Prof.
Calingasan explains that “while parents may look at this as extended
expense i.e., paying tuition for another 2 years in high school, this
would offset itself since the competencies one would learn from the
additional years are the same ones which the first two years of general
education in college teach.”
The DepEd primer (2011) specifies the benefits to individuals and families:
1.
A decongested academic workload, giving students more time to master
competencies and for co-curricular activities and community involvement,
thus, allowing for a more holistic development;
2. Graduates will possess competencies and skills relevant to the job market and they will be prepared for higher education;
3. K-12 is affordable;
4. The potential annual earnings of a K-12 graduate will be higher compared to the earnings of a 10-year high school graduate;
5. Graduates will be recognized abroad.
The benefits of K-12 curriculum for the society and the economy are:
1.
It will contribute to economic growth. Studies show that improvements
in the quality of education increases GDP growth. According to the DepEd
(2010), studies in the country have reflected that an additional year
of school increases the earnings by 7.5% and that improvements in the
quality of education will enable the GDP grow by 2-2.2%.
2. It will facilitate the recognition of Filipino graduates and professionals in other countries
3. A better educated society provides a sound foundation for long-term socio-economic development.
What will this mean for students and their future?
”Definitely
this will mean that they will graduate late (by present reference
point), but on another perspective, will mean that they will be more
mature when they enter college, or that they will be ready for work,”
explains Prof. Calingasan.
The DepEd, in its 2010 discussion paper, explains further that every
graduate of the K-12 program will have “the courage, the drive, and the
relevant skills to engage in work and have a productive life” (p.6).
This means that every graduate is ready to take upon the world as he is
prepared holistically to meet those challenges.
The goal of the K-12 curriculum is to create a purposeful basic
education system that will “produce productive, responsible citizens
equipped with the essential competencies and skills for both life-long
learning and employment” (p.7).
To summarize, the K-12 curriculum speaks about hope and change for
the country. As our culture puts great value on education, it is about
time that our national government supports this fully. The K-12 honors
every Filipino child’s right to better future as it is designed to
“develop a learner who possesses a healthy mind and body; has a solid
moral and spiritual grounding; has essential knowledge and skills for
lifelong learning and self-actualization; engages in critical thinking
and creative problem solving; contributes to the development of a
progressive, just, and humane society; is proud to be a Filipino and
appreciates the beauty around him/her and cares for the environment for a
sustainable future.”
Indeed, K-12 is every Filipino child’s future.
References:
Department of Education. (2010). Discussion Paper on the Enhanced K +12 Basic Education Program.
Department of Education (2011). K to 12 Basic Education Program Primer
Quismundo,
T. (2011, October 7) DepEd readies K +12 curricula for next year.
Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved from
http://multilingualphilippines.com/?p=5350
DepEd Updates. Retrieved from http://www.deped.gov.ph/
Department
of Education. (2010). Briefer on the enhanced k12 basic education
program. Retrieved from
http://www.gov.ph/2010/11/02/briefer-on-the-enhanced-k12-basic-education-program/
Photo by real.heightz from flickr creative commons
Source:
http://www.smartparenting.com.ph/kids/preschooler/k-12-101-a-primer-on-the-new-philippine-education-curriculum/page/1
Posted by: Steven Egay, GCES batch 1983